Agriculture Seeds

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• The heartwood of red sanders is used as an astringent and tonic, and is bitter, sweet, cooling, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and febrifuge.
• Its decoction is given in chronic dysentery.
• It is also useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, vomiting, skin diseases, leprosy, ulcers, fistula, and haemorrhages.

• Lal chandan is a moderate-sized deciduous tree with clear trunk and dense rounded crown.
• It attains a height of 10 m and a girth of 0.9:1.5 m under favourable growing conditions. The blackish-brown bark is fissured and resembles crocodile skin.
• The inner bark, when injured or cut, oozes red coloured santolin dye.
• The wood is extremely hard and dark red in colour, with a specific gravity of 1.109.
• The leaves are imparipinnate, petiolate, and alternate.
• They are simple at seedling stage but trifoliate or rarely pentafoliate later.

• The flowers of the species are yellow, densely arranged in simple or sparingly branched racemes.
• Flowering occurs from February to April, after new leaves sprout.
• Pods are formed rapidly but get ripened in next February:March.
• Pods are oblilquely orbicular, 3-4 cm in diameter, including the wing, and gradually narrow down into a short stipe.
• There is only one seed per pod, which is 1 1.5 cm in length and red- dish brown in colour.

• The Pterocarpus species is distributed in peninsular India and Sri Lanka.
• It occurs gregariously in patches in tropical dry deciduous forests, towards south eastern Ghats.

• Well-drained red soils with gravelled loam are suitable for the cultivation of lal chandan species.
• It regenerates well in dry hot climate and requires rainfall ranging from 800 mm to 1000 mm annually for good growth.

• In nature, two types of rakta chandan trees are observed wavy grained and straight.
• The wavy grained wood is more in demand in trade and is preferred for commercial plantation.
• No commercially released varieties are available.

• The seeds retain their viability for about one year under normal storage conditions and are the best propagation material.
• Fruits are collected in March for the extraction of seeds.
• Seedlings or stumps prepared from two-year-old nursery seedlings are used for planting in the field.

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• Moringa oleifera is a fairly large tree native to North India.
• It goes by a variety of names, such as drumstick tree, horseradish tree or ben oil tree.
• Almost all parts of the tree are eaten or used as ingredients in traditional herbal medicines.
• This especially applies to the leaves and pods, which are commonly eaten in parts of India and Africa (1Trusted Source).
• Below is a photo of Moringa oleifera leaves, powder and capsules:
• Moringa leaves are an excellent source of many vitamins and minerals. One cup of fresh, chopped leaves (21 grams) contains

• Antioxidants are compounds that act against free radicals in your body.
• High levels of free radicals may cause oxidative stress, which is associated with chronic diseases like heart disease and type 2 diabetes
• One study in women found that taking 1.5 teaspoons (7 grams) of moringa leaf powder every day for three months significantly increased blood antioxidant levels

• High blood sugar can be a serious health problem. In fact, it’s the main characteristic of diabetes.
• Over time, high blood sugar levels raise the risk of many serious health problems, including heart disease. For this reason, it’s important to keep your blood sugar within healthy limits.
• Interestingly, several studies have shown that Moringa oleifera may help lower blood sugar levels.

• Inflammation is the body’s natural response to infection or injury.
• It’s an essential protective mechanism but may become a major health issue if it continues over a long period of time.
• In fact, sustained inflammation is linked to many chronic health problems, including heart disease and cancer
• Most whole fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the degree to which they can help depends on the types and amounts of anti-inflammatory compounds they contain.
• Scientists believe that isothiocyanates are the main anti-inflammatory compounds in moringa leaves, pods and seeds

• Having high cholesterol has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
• Fortunately, many plant foods can effectively reduce cholesterol. These include flaxseeds, oats and almonds.
• Both animal- and human-based studies have shown that Moringa oleifera may have similar cholesterol-lowering effects

• Arsenic contamination of food and water is a problem in many parts of the world. Certain types of rice may contain particularly high level
• Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic may lead to health problems over time.
• Interestingly, several studies in mice and rats have shown that the leaves and seeds of Moringa oleifera may protect against some of the effects of arsenic toxicity
• These results are promising, but it’s not yet known whether this also applies to humans.

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• Two types of seed beds are used to raise sandal seedlings: sunken and raised beds. Both of them perform equally well under different climatic conditions.
• Seed beds are formed with only sand and red earth in the ratio 3:1 and are thoroughly mixed with nematicides (Ekalux or Thimet at 500 g per bed of 10 m x 1 m). Around 2.5 kg seed is spread uniformly over the bed, covered with straw which should be removed when the leaves start appearing on the seedlings. Sandal suffers from a very virulent disease caused by combined fungal and nematode infection. The initial symptom is that of wilting of leaves followed by suddan chlorosis and root decay. On account of this the mortality rate is very high, which can be controlled by the application of nematicide (Ekalux) and fungicide (Dithane). Seeds beds are to be sprayed with fungicide Dithane Z-78 (0.25%) once in 15 days to avoid fungal attack and 0.02% Ekalux solution once in a month to avoid nematode attack.
• When seedlings have reached 4 to 6 leaf stage they are transplanted to polybags along with a seed of Cajanus cajan, Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex. Dc, Cassia fistula L., Mimosa pudica L., etc., the primary host for better growth of sandal. Seedlings are carefully removed from beds with all roots intact; roots should not be allowed to dry. Shade can be provided for a week immediately after transplantation. Watering is to be done once a day, but excess moisture is to be avoided. Host plants are to be pruned frequently, so that they do not over grow sandal and hamper its growth. Polybags should contain soil mixture of ration 2:1:1 (Sand: Red earth: Farmyard manure). It has been found that polybags of 30 x 14 cm size are the best. To avoid nematode attack Ekalux of 2 gm/polybag or 200 gm for 1m3 of polybag mixture should be thoroughly mixed before filling the bags. Shifting may be done once in two months to avoid root penetrating soil and grading is to be done once in three months. Weeding is to be done at regular intervals.
• Plantable seedlings of about 30 cm height can be raised in 6-8 month’s time. A well branched seedling with a brown stem is ideal for planting in the field.

• Dibbling of seeds into bushes
• Dibbling of seeds in pits or mounds
• Planting container raised seedlings in the nurseries

• Spike disease is one of the important diseases of sandal. This disease is caused by mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO). It can occur at any stage of development of the tree. As the disease progresses, the new leaves become smaller, narrower or more pointed and fewer in number with each successive year until the new shoots give an appearance of fine spike. At the advance stage of disease the inter nodal distance on twigs becomes small, haustorial connection between the host and sandal breaks and the plant dies in about 2 to 3 years.
• Spread of disease is sporadic and the disease is transmitted in nature by insect vectors. It has been found that other insect vectors in addition to Nephotettix virescens may also be responsible for transmission of disease. So far no permanent remedial measures have been prescribed for control of spike disease.
• Stem borers Zeuzera coffease Nietn (red borer) Indarbela quardinotata Walker (bark-feeding caterpillar) and Aristobia octofasiculata Aurivillius (heartwood borer) are some of the pests causing considerable damage to living trees.

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• Pongamia Pinnata trees are normally planted along the highways, roads and canals to stop soil erosion. Billions of trees exist all over India. If the seeds fallen along road side are collected, and oil is extracted at village level expellers, thousands of tons of oil will be available for Lighting the Lamps in rural area. It is the best oil for lighting. Since these are spread over a large area, collection of seeds for BioDiesel manufacture is not viable. (A compact plantation can support a BioDiesel plant).
• Pongamia Pinnata is called as Koroch in Bangladesh. There, it is a fresh water flooded plant / tree. The seedlings of Koroch can survive in 1.5 meters deep water submergence / inundation for five to six months duration at a stretch. There are nearly 30,000 square km of water reservoirs in India. This tree can be cultivated in such water storage reservoirs up to 1.5 meters depth and reap additional economic value from unused reservoir lands.
• Pongamia Pinnata is one of the few nitrogen fixing trees to produce seeds containing 30 to 32% oil. It is often planted as an ornamental and shade tree. This specie is commonly called Pongam, Karanj, or a derivation of these names.

• Pongamia (Leguminoceae, subfamily Papilionoideae) is a medium sized tree that generally attains a height of about 8 meters and a trunk diameter of more than 50 cm. The trunk is generally short with thick branches spreading into a dense hemispherical crown of dark green leaves. The bark is thin gray to grayish-brown, and yellow on the inside. The tap root is thick and long, lateral roots are numerous and well developed. The alternate, compound pinnate leaves consist of 5 or 7 leaflets which are arranged in 2 or 3 pairs, and a single terminal leaflet. Leaflets are 5 to 10 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide, and pointed at the tip. Flowers, borne on racemes, are pink, light purple, or white. Pods are elliptical, 3 to 6 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide, thick walled, and usually contain a single seed. Seeds are 10 to 20 cm long, oblong, and light brown in color.

• Widely occurs and commonly planted species because of its wide adaptability. It grows best in fairly moist situations on porous and well drained soil; thriving even on pure sand and black cotton soil. Pongamia Pinnata grows almost anywhere, even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil. It can grow even in the crevices of rocks.

• Pongamia Pinnata is found in humid and subtropical environments and also found in the tropics and arid zones and likes heat, although it does well even in lower temperatures and can withstand a light frost. It is also a drought resistant plants water requirement is extremely low

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• The flowers are inconspicuous and the plants are grown mainly for their foliage

• It is a tree reaching 2 meters to 30 meters (98 ft) tall in natural conditions. Most people keep it as indoor for 2 to 3 years.

• Sunlight: Most ficus trees enjoy bright indirect or filtered light with variegated varieties happily able to take medium light. Bright, direct light may result in scalding of the leaves and leaf loss.
• Soil: Rich, humusy and well-drained soil.
• Water: When watering, always check the top of the soil first. If the top of the soil is wet, do not water as this means they have enough moisture. If the top of the soil feels dry to the touch, this indicates that they need water.
• Temprature: Ficus trees also cannot tolerate low temperatures or drafts. They need to be kept in temperatures above 60 F. (16 C.) and actually prefer temperatures above 70 F. (21 C.). 
• Fertilizer: Feed with slow-release pellets in the beginning of the growing season. Fertilize once a month in the spring and summer and once every two months in the fall and winter.

• Cold drafts from windows or doors will harm them, so make sure to place them somewhere where drafts will not be an issue.
• Losing its leaves is the most common problems with ficus plants.
• Leaf drop is a ficus tree’s standard reaction to stress, whether it’s from any of the following:Under watering or over watering, Low humidity, Too little light, Relocation or repotting, Drafts, Range in temperature (too hot or cold).
• If your ficus is losing its leaves, go through the checklist of proper ficus tree care and correct anything that you find wrong.

• Most ficus bonsai trees can produce aerial roots in their natural habitat, which are often presented in appealing bonsai creations with many aerial root pillars or root over rock styles. To enable aerial root growth in our homes a humidity of nearly 100% must be achieved artificially. 
• You can use a glass cover, fish tank or a construction with transparent sheets for this purpose. 
• The Bodhi tree, under which the Buddha achieved enlightenment, is believed by many to have been a ficus religiosa. 
• Fig species are characterized by their unique inflorescence and distinctive pollination syndrome, which utilizes wasp species belonging to the Agaonidae family for pollination.

• The common fig (Ficus carica) is cultivated for its pear-shaped, edible fruits, which are really hollow fleshy receptacles (syconia) containing hundreds of male and female flowers.

• Ficus trees can maintain their tree-like shape regardless of their size, so this makes them ideal for bonsais or for massive houseplants in large spaces.
• The plant is used for ornamental purpose.
• Its generally kep indoor in living room and in terrac area.

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• African tall maize / Fodder maize (Zea mays) is green fodder, having more dry matter (17.65 %), crude protein content (11-13 %) and more number of leaves / plant
• Harvest the crop when the cob is in the milky stage (harvest at 60-75 days)
• Highly uses for green fodder, silage, stacks, maize flour and etc
• Good fodder to cow, buffalo, goat & sheep

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